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Discover the IHRDC Energy Glossarybeta

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Z

Z/A effect

The dependence of a density log reading on the ratio of atomic number to atomic mass, which differs slightly between elements.

Zener

A type of diode that permits current not only in the forward direction like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the voltage is larger than the breakdown voltage known as "Zener knee voltage" or "Zener voltage".

Zener diode

A special diode designed to operate in the reverse bias breakdown region. A zener is designed to break down at a specific value of reverse bias voltage.

Zener voltage

The rating of a zener diode; equal to the value of reverse bias voltage at which breakdown occurs.

zeolite

A synthetically produced substance with a porous, crystalline structure; a major component of a type of catalyst used in many fluid cat cracking units.

zero crossing

The point where a seismic trace passes through zero amplitude between a peak and a trough.

zero offset

Zero separation between source and receiver, the idealized geometry a stacked section approximates.

zero shot

A model's ability to perform a task it was never explicitly trained for, guided only by its general training and the instruction given.

zero-offset data

Seismic data for which source and receiver are effectively at the same location.

zero-offset vertical seismic profile (VSP)

A VSP with the source close to the wellhead, almost directly above the receivers in the well.

zero-phase

Said of a wavelet symmetrical about zero time, with its energy concentrated at the center.

zero-tolerance policy

A rule applied without exception, which gains clarity and loses discretion.

zero-zero gels

Gel strengths near zero at both ten seconds and ten minutes.

Ziegler-Nichols methods

Manual tuning methods, open loop and closed loop, that provide approximate tuning parameters.

zinc basic carbonate

A double salt of zinc carbonate and zinc hydroxide, 2ZnCO3ยท3Zn(OH)2, used as a sulfide scavenger.

zinc bromide

ZnBr2, used to make solids-free completion brines up to about 20 lb/gal, and as a heavy liquid for laboratory separations.

zinc carbonate

ZnCO3, a sulfide scavenger for water-base muds that reacts with hydrogen sulfide to form insoluble zinc sulfide.

zinc chloride

ZnCl2, an acidic salt used in very heavy completion brines and as a calibration standard for humidity measurement.

zinc oxide

ZnO, a weakly basic solid used as a hydrogen sulfide scavenger in oil-base and synthetic-base muds and in gas sweetening beds.

zip collars

Drill collars machined with a reduced-diameter groove at the box end so open-and-close elevators can grip them.

zip groove

The machined reduced-diameter section at the box end of a drill collar that lets elevators grip it.

zipper manifold

A valve manifold that routes treatment from the missile to any one of several frac trees in turn.

Zoeppritz equations

The four equations giving the amplitudes of reflected and transmitted P and S waves at a planar interface as a function of incidence angle and elastic properties.

zonal

Pertaining to a zone โ€” a distinct interval of rock treated as a unit.

zonal isolation

Keeping intervals separated behind casing so fluids cannot cross between them.

zonation

Zonation is the creation of zones in a logged interval of a well.

zone

An interval of rock distinguished from those around it by lithology, fossil content or fluid.

zone 1 protection

The protection provided by a distance relay for approximately 90% of a transmission line section.

zone 2 protection

A zone of backup fault protection provided by a distance relay that covers a line section beyond Zone 1.

zone 3 protection

A zone of backup fault protection provided by a distance relay that covers a line section beyond Zone 2.

zone of possible agreement

The overlap between what each side would accept, within which a deal exists.

zoot suit

A full-body, one-piece suit worn for total coverage and protection.